Detail:

During the kharif season Kalabha sows the maize (Zea mays) crop as it is a deep rooted crop in the first year. The following year rice (Oryzae sativa) or black gram (Phaseolus mungo) is sown as they are shallow rooted plants. Castor (Ricinus spp) is sown in the third year because it is a deep rooted plant whereas in the fourth year groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is sown. Sowing groundnut and black gram ensures a good supply of nitrogen to the soil. All the layers of soil are thoroughly mixed as the crops have varied root depths.

Knowledge Provider / Innovator: Dabhi Keshabhai Kalabha
Agro-Ecological Zone: North Gujarat zone and North -West (GJ-4, GJ-5)
Address: Machla Banaskantha Gujarat
District: Banaskantha
State: Gujarat
PIN Code 396001

Formulation: (Oryzae sativa), (Phaseolus mungo), (Ricinus spp), (Arachis hypogaea)
Ingredients: The seeds of Maize (Zea mays), Rice (Oryzae sativa), Black gram (Phaseolus mungo), Castor (Ricinus spp.) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

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PAS 1:

"Crop rotation is a traditional and practical way for managing agroecosystem biodiversity by enhancing soil health, repressing pests and disease outbreaks (Barbieri et al., 2019), and thus increasing yields. The value and efficiency of a crop rotation depends on several factors, including crop types used in rotation (Tiemann et al., 2015), rotating series and applied frequency of certain crops (Bainard et al., 2017b), rotating length (Bennett et al., 2012), agronomic history on farmland and soil characteristics (Li et al., 2019)."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989420304790#bib128

PAS 2:

"Certain crops are better in rotation than others, making it difficult to determine the best rotation sequence to maximize soil benefits (Gan et al., 2003). For example, crop rotation with grain legumes can increase productivity and protein content of wheat as the following crop, due to increased soil available N from biological fixation after legumes (Gan et al., 2003). Different chickpea genotypes (cultivars) or legume crops (such as pea and chickpea) in rotation can modify soil functional microbial communities and influence the productivity of pulse crops and the following wheat crop (Yang et al., 2013)."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989420304790#bib128

PAS 3:

"Changes in rotation length and frequency of the same crop in rotation over time can affect the incidence of root rot diseases and enhance soil health and crop yield stability (Vilich, 1993). [V. VilichCrop rotation with pure stands and mixtures of barley and wheat to control stem and root rot disease Crop Protect., 12 (1993), pp. 373-379]"
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989420304790#bib128

PAS 4:

"Result of this research shows that there was increase in maize yield by legume-maize rotation over maize-maize rotation. Legume-maize rotation exerted significant increase on the maize component over maize-maize rotation. Comparing the different legume-maize rotations, increase in subsequent maize yield as a result of the rotation varied among the legume crops in rotation with maize. The degree of the rotation benefit was determined by the legume type and climatic condition at the time of growth, which affected the biomass production. Velvet bean-maize rotation increased maize yield producing significantly over 100% increase when compared with maize-maize rotation. Legume-cereal rotations significantly increased total soil nitrogen, exchangeable K, Mg and cation exchange capacity with variations in each of the years. [Uzoh IM, Igwe CA, Okebalama CB, Babalola OO. Legume-maize rotation effect on maize productivity and soil fertility parameters under selected agronomic practices in a sandy loam soil. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8539. Published 2019 Jun 12.
doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43679-5]"
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561941/